The first state to be established was New South Wales, in 1788. The Australian States and TerritoriesĪustralia’s states and territories were carved up over the course of several centuries, as the country was explored and settled by Europeans.Īs with many colonized nations, the borders were drawn before many people had settled there, so borders were drawn by surveyors rather than via ethnic divisions.Īs a result, most of the borders feature straight lines. In 1969, a UN-sponsored referendum was held in which the people of Papua voted overwhelmingly to become part of Indonesia. Over the next few years, hundreds of Papuans were killed or imprisoned, and many more were forced to flee into the jungle. The Papuan people resisted the invasion, but they were outnumbered and outgunned by the Indonesian soldiers. The Indonesian military started by bombing towns and villages in the area and then sending in ground troops. This because half of the island was invaded by Indonesia in 1962.Īt this time, the Indonesian government began a military operation called Operasi Trikora in an effort to annex the western half of New Guinea, which was then known as Papua. If you look at Papua New Guinea, you’ll notice that its eastern border with Indonesia is a straight line. While the border appears perfectly straight on a map, the curvature of the earth means that small adjustments need to be made along the Manitoba-Saskatchewan border so it remains square and doesn’t thin itself out on the northern edge. these reports indicated that the most suitable location for the provincial capital was near the geographic centre of the province.Īs a result, the provincial government decided to create rectangular divisions. This is, in part, because the province is located in the prairies where there are few natural features to set clear borders.įurthermore, when Saskatchewan became a Canadian province in 1905, its borders were drawn based on surveyors’ reports rather than conflict. Saskatchewan’s borders are all straight lines. As a result, the boundary was superimposed over native tribal lands. The Convention of 1818 ignored the fact that Native American tribes lived along both sides of the border. However, by agreeing to establish the 49th parallel as the boundary between their territories, both countries were able to peacefully co-exist in the region. At the time, both the United States and the United Kingdom were vying for control of the Oregon Country. The Convention of 1818 was largely motivated by a desire to avoid conflict between the two countries. The agreement also allowed for joint occupation of the Oregon Country, which was located south of the 49th parallel. As part of the agreement, both countries agreed to establish the 49th parallel as the boundary between their respective territories. In 1818, the United States and the United Kingdom (then including the Dominion of Canada) reached an agreement known as the Convention of 1818. Put simply, a geometric boundary is a political or territorial boundary that has a consistent and clear geometric shape such as a square, line, or circle on a map. Chris Drew (PhD) Definition of a Geometric Boundary
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